TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DISEASES IN THE CONTEXT OF MEDICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS. LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

Introduction: Male infertility, affecting every sixth man worldwide [5], is a pressing and complex medical and social issue that influences national demographic indicators, the psycho-emotional well-being of individual families, and public health at large. In Kazakhstan, there is a rising incidence of congenital reproductive system pathologies in boys, declining spermogram parameters, and inadequate organization of specialized andrological care. Objective: to analyze the scientific literature in order to identify the main trends and patterns of male reproductive system diseases in the context of medico-demographic indicators (male birth and fertility rates, reproductive health parameters, and socio-demographic consequences). Search strategy: scientific publications from the past 10 years were reviewed through databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, CyberLeninka, among others. Additionally, Legal information system of Regulatory Legal Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Әділет" and statistical data from the Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan were examined, including regional demographic indicators of the male population and the structure of andrological diseases. Research results: key factors contributing to the rise of male infertility were identified, including a high prevalence of varicocele (up to 40% among infertile men), delayed marriage, increasing divorce rates, and limited access to andrological care. These trends are linked to changes in male lifestyles, comorbidities, and environmental deterioration. Until 2017, specialized andrological medical care in Kazakhstan was underdeveloped; since 2022, fragmented initiatives have been introduced, but coverage remains insufficient. The absence of a unified registry, comprehensive prevention programs, and coordination across healthcare system levels hampers effective solutions. Conclusions: to date, male reproductive health remains one of the underexplored areas of medicine and healthcare. Literature analysis revealed the need to develop a national strategy and an organizational-functional model for the male reproductive health system, including the creation of a registry for men experiencing infertility, development of andrological services, expansion of preventive programs, and interdepartmental cooperation.