THE ROLE OF DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS IN COVID-19 DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION: A STUDY IN THE CITY SEMEY

Abstract

Relevance: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has significantly impacted public health globally, including in Kazakhstan. Despite a decrease in mortality rates in 2022, the long-term consequences of the disease remain highly relevant. A number of patients develop persistent post-viral symptoms, placing a continued burden on healthcare systems. Aim: To examine the relationship between demographic factors (age, gender, education, nationality), PCR test results, vaccination status, and the course of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. Materials and Methods. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among patients over 18 years of age who had experienced COVID-19 in Semey between 2019 and 2022. The study included individuals with confirmed or probable cases of infection, as well as those with post-COVID symptoms lasting more than 12 weeks. The data were obtained from the rehabilitation centers “Karagaily”, “Sosna” and the primary health care centers of Semey. The sample size was 300 patients, determined based on statistical power calculations. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0, with a significance level set at p<0.05. Results. The study identified key demographic characteristics and factors influencing COVID-19 incidence and vaccination decisions in Semey city. The average participant age was 53.9±13.7 years, with the majority aged 45–59. Higher incidence was observed in the 60–74 age group, confirming age as a risk factor. Educational level influenced vaccination adherence, with the highest rates among individuals with higher and secondary education. PCR testing showed the highest positivity rate in the 60–74 age group. Vaccination proved effective, as PCR-positive results were less common among vaccinated individuals. Despite a high overall vaccination rate (84.3%), vaccine hesitancy remains among certain population groups. Conclusion. Long COVID has become a chronic condition that reduces quality of life and causes multi-organ damage. Even with a 10% prevalence rate, chronic COVID affects millions worldwide. The findings underscore the need for continued research and the development of effective rehabilitation strategies.