ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS TO VARIOUS CLINICAL BIOMATERIALS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Abstract

Background: Antibiotic resistance is one of the most pressing global health challenges, particularly with Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogen associated with various infections. The growing resistance of S. aureus to traditional antibiotics, especially penicillin and ampicillin, poses a significant threat to effective treatment strategies. In clinical practice, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, particularly beta-lactams, has led to the emergence of resistant strains, necessitating continuous monitoring of resistance patterns. This study is aimed at evaluating the antibiotic resistance profile of S. aureus isolates from different biological materials and assessing their sensitivity to various antibiotics, highlighting the need for localized resistance data to optimize empirical treatment regimens. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance and sensitivity patterns of S. aureus isolates from five different biological samples, focusing on identifying effective treatment options for different infection sites. Materials and Methods: This study included 726 clinical isolates of S. aureus obtained from five types of biological materials: sputum (n = 346), ENT samples (n = 322), cervical canal (n = 15), wound exudate (n = 6), and conjunctiva (n = 37). A total of 18 antibiotics were tested, representing various antibiotic classes such as beta-lactams, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, and others. The resistance and sensitivity rates were calculated, and statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics. Results: The results revealed high resistance of S. aureus to penicillin (16.9%) and ampicillin (11.7%), confirming the reduced clinical efficacy of these antibiotics. In contrast, linezolid, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and glycopeptides exhibited consistently high effectiveness across all biological materials, with linezolid and gentamicin showing sensitivity rates above 87%. Wound isolates displayed the highest sensitivity to gentamicin (100%) and ciprofloxacin (83.3%), while sputum and ENT samples showed greater resistance. Vancomycin and linezolid were highly effective against isolates from the cervical canal, while teicoplanin was particularly effective in eye isolates (89.2%). The study also highlighted a high level of resistance to beta-lactams and macrolides, confirming the widespread presence of beta-lactamase-producing strains in hospital settings. Conclusion: The study underscores the growing concern over S. aureus resistance, particularly to traditional antibiotics such as penicillin and ampicillin, and the importance of local resistance monitoring. The findings support the use of linezolid, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and glycopeptides as key antibiotics for the empirical treatment of S. aureus infections. These results highlight the necessity of incorporating local resistance data into treatment guidelines to reduce the risk of ineffective therapy.